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Mapping a nation of regional clusters

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      A cluster is a regional concentration of related industries that arise out of the various types of linkages or externalities that span across industries in a particular location. The U.S. Benchmark Cluster Definitions are designed to enable systemic comparison across regions. View and compare clusters across the U.S.

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      A region is broadly defined as a county, economic area (EA), metro/micropolitan statistical area (MSA), or state. The U.S. Benchmark Cluster Definitions use the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis defined economic areas. View and compare regions across the U.S.

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      The Community of Practice enables practitioners to share Resources, post Blogs, and find partner Organizations. View and contribute content of interest to the cluster based economic development community.

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Beyond Tech Transfer: A More Comprehensive Approach to Measuring the Entrepreneurial University

by Mary L. Walshok and Josh D. Shapiro, Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth March 28, 2014

Over the last 30 years, researchers across the country have been documenting the shifts in university policies and practices enabled in no small part by the Bayh-Dole legislation of the mid-1980s, and the establishment and growth of the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. These major shifts in national policy created an environment in which universities were free to manage their IP in ways that would support knowledge transfer as well as commercialization of new companies, along with an increased availability of private sector risk capital to support promising start ups. These dynamic changes in the 1980s created incentives for universities to become more entrepreneurial and opportunities for the private sector to engage in new ways with research universities.

At the center of the larger innovation system lies what has become known as the “entrepreneurial university.” It generates technology advances and facilitates the technology diffusion process through intermediaries such as technology transfer offices as well as the creation of incubators or science parks producing support R&D for existing companies or to help jump start new firms. Increasingly the university system has expanded to include activities outside the “ivory tower” with the goal of transforming inventions into innovations for the betterment of society and to enhance the university’s revenues and philanthropic contributions.

Image: Johns Hopkins University, Center of Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence

PDF icon Beyond Tech Transfer.pdf
Entrepreneurship and Innovation
Academic Research
Clusters: 
Education and Knowledge Creation
Author: 
Mary L. Walshok and Josh D. Shapiro
Publication/Specific Source: 
Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth
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The U.S. Cluster Mapping Project is led by Professor Michael E. Porter at the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, Harvard Business School.

This project is funded by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration.